Systematic Identification of Bacillus Subtilis and Serratia Marcescens Through a Battery of Tests and Plates Introduction free essay sample

The purpose of this experiment was to use a systematic battery of tube tests and plates designed to lead to identification of two unknown bacterial species, from the combination of all results. A sample of bacteria was used, labeled â€Å"Sample 4†, from which both species was to be obtained, one gram positive and one gram negative. Table 1 is a list of the possible bacteria to be identified; the basic ideas and practice of identification of an unknown sample of bacteria are important for a microbiologist to develop. Not only is proper procedural practice necessary, the investigator must use critical thinking to solve the puzzle that an unknown bacterial sample represents. The essential idea of bacterial identification and grouping based on testable characteristics is referred to as taxonomy. The types of tests and the efficiency of the identification or taxonomic placement depend upon both the critical reasoning of the microbiologist and a well-designed plan. We will write a custom essay sample on Systematic Identification of Bacillus Subtilis and Serratia Marcescens Through a Battery of Tests and Plates Introduction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The tests performed and used in the determination of the gram positive bacteria in Sample 4 were the gram stain, esculin hydrolysis, catalase production, and observations from MSA, NA, and blood agar plates. The tests performed and used in the determination of the gram negative bacteria in Sample 4 were the gram stain, TSI slant, citrate utilization, indole production, and observations from EMB, NA, and DNase plates. All tests performed were reasoned to differentiate distinct characteristics of bacteria from the other possibilities, thus identifying the two unknown species in Sample 4. Table 1: List of possible bacterial species. Bacterial Species Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Proteus mirabilis Shigella flexneri Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus subtilis Enterobacter aerogenes Enterococcus faecalis Serratia marcescens Distinct plate results and observations were expected to be essential to the bacterial determination of both species in Sample 4. During the identification, the bacteria were plated to multiple NA (Nutrient Agar) plates. Nutrient Agar is a general agar medium containing chemicals essential for growing most culturable bacteria in the lab; it is not considered a selective or differential medium, it simply gives insight into general colony characteristics (Madigan et al, 2012). Each of the two different species of bacteria underwent a gram stain; the gram stain method involves staining and counterstaining a sample of cells, in which the results depend upon the composition and thickness of elements of the cell wall. Gram negative cells have more chemically complex cell walls, gram positive cells are less complex yet have a thicker layer of a component called peptidoglycan. The difference in results from a Gram stain is because of this distinction in cell wall composition. After treatment with iodine and decolorization with acetone, gram positive bacteria retain the coloration of the first dye used, and gram negative bacteria are counterstained with the color of the second dye (Madigan et al, 2012). After identification of a bacterial sample as gram positive or negative, the latter may be plated to an EMB plate, the former to an MSA plate. Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) plates are designed with selective high concentrations of salt, as well as a differential yellow color change which indicates bacteria that ferment mannitol. Eosin Methelyne Blue (EMB) plates are formulated for the encouragement of growth for gram negative bacterial species; EMB plates can also indicate the bacterial fermentation of lactose if the plated colonies are purple after incubation (Levine, 1981). Two other plates commonly used to identify characteristics of bacteria are the DNase and blood agar plate. A DNase plate is an agar plate used to test for a microorganism that employs the enzyme DNase, which breaks down DNA. A DNase plate contains DNA bound to a dye embedded in the agar, this dye is only colored when bound to the negatively charged DNA particle. If DNA on the plate is broken down by a microorganism, the dye will no longer be bound to it, and thus no longer be colored. A positive result for DNase then, is a clearing zone or â€Å"halo† around the bacterial streak on the plate (Menzies, 1977). A blood agar plate is used to test a gram positive microorganism’s hemolysis activity. Hemolysis is the breakdown of red blood cells, thus an agar plate embedded with red blood cells is used to test for this activity. If red blood cells are broken down, the red color of the agar will disappear and the result is said to be positive beta-hemolysis; if there is no clearing under or around the microorganisms the result is said to be negative gamma-hemolysis (Brown, 1991). Plate results are an important framework on which to rest the slant and tube tests that follow them. The results of slant and liquid tube tests give indications on less of a spectrum basis than plate results, but can be just as useful when many are compiled together. The bile esculin hydrolysis test is a selective and differential slant used to identify bacteria of the genus Enterococcus. The test contains bile salts to select for the desired bacteria, and differentiates because the hydrolysis of esculin and subsequent combination of the products with iron produces a black color. A positive test for the bile esculin slant is a completely blackened tube (Lindell et al, 1975). A triple sugar iron (TSI) slant is used to identify sugar fermentation in a microorganism; it contains a red pH-sensitive dye that will turn yellow under acidic conditions, such as contact with the acidic byproducts of sugar fermentation. The three sugars, sucrose, lactose and glucose, are present in specific concentrations, 1%, 1%, and . 1% respectively (Hajna, 1945). The combination of the color change results and the location in the tube of the changes allows for a multitude of varying results. The TSI slant is a useful launch point for an investigation of this type, because the varying results can give a solid idea of what direction the remainder of the tests must take. A citrate utilization test is used to determine if an organism uses citrate as its only source of carbon, a positive result will change the dye in the slant from green to blue due to the byproducts changing the pH in the tube (Kiska et al, 2002). An indole production test is used to indicate if an organism can degrade the chemical tryptophan into indole and other products. After incubation, the tube is tested for indole production by the addition of Kovac’s reagent; the reagents indicates a positive result if it is colored red in the tube, negative if it is not red (Watanabe et al, 1972). A catalase test is a slightly different category of test than plates or slants; it used to determine if a microorganism uses the enzyme catalase. If, upon placement of a drop of hydrogen peroxide on a bacterial colony, bubbles are produced, the bacteria has broken down the H2O2 into water and oxygen. The oxygen production is responsible for the bubbles, thus bubbling is said to be a positive test for the enzyme catalase (Keilin et al, 1938). The systematic inventory of the results obtained from all of the tests allowed the gram negative and gram positive species of bacteria in Sample 4 to be determined as Serratia marcescens and Bacillus subtulis, respectively. Procedure: The bacterial tube labeled â€Å"Sample 4† was obtained, the bacteria inside were streaked for isolation to an NA plate and incubated overnight at 37 ° C. Distinguishing by isolated colony color and morphology on the NA plate, a gram stain was performed on one of each of the two distinct colony types. The gram negative bacteria was both plated to an EMB plate and streaked to a new NA plate for isolation. The gram positive was both plated to an MSA plate and also streaked to a new NA plate for isolation. The plates were incubated overnight at 37 ° C. Colonies isolated on the gram positive NA plate were used to inoculate all of the following tests. A bile esculin slant was streaked along the surface with a loop. The slant was incubated overnight at 37 ° C and the results were recorded. A blood agar hemolysis activity plate was streaked for isolation, and then incubated overnight at 37 ° C, the results were recorded. Finally, a catalase test was performed by directly placing a drop of hydrogen peroxide on a colony of the NA plate and the results were recorded immediately. Colonies isolated on the gram negative NA plate were used to inoculate all of the following tests. A TSI slant was first stabbed through to the bottom, and then streaked along the surface with a loop. The surface of a citrate slant was streaked in a zigzag pattern. A tube of broth containing tryptophan was inoculated with a loop full of bacteria for the indole test. After incubation, two drops of Kovac’s reagent was added to this tube and the color of the drops was recorded. All of the tests above were incubated for 24 hours, with the exception of the citrate test which incubated for 48 hours at 37 ° C, the results were subsequently recorded. A DNase plate was marked down the center; each half was designated to one of the two species, and a single straight streak of a colony from the respective NA plates was set onto the agar. The DNase plate was incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours, results were observed and recorded. As all results were recorded, they were compared to previously collected data to decide what still needed to be tested to come to a bacterial determination. Results: The following results are summed up in Table 2. The initial NA plate gave two distinct colony morphologies and colors: large fuzz-edged off-white colonies, and small, pink smooth colonies. The gram stain for the off-white colonies returned purple long bacillus bacteria; the gram stain for the pink colonies showed many small pink bacillus. The MSA plate showed a yellow color change with medium sized colonies. The EMB plate inspection gave small smooth pink colonies. The bile esculin slant showed no color change. The blood agar plate also showed no change in color and no clearing zone around the bacterial colonies. Upon placement of hydrogen peroxide on the colonies for the catalase test, bubbles were observed immediately. A yellow butt and red slant was the observed result from the TSI slant. The off-white colony side of the DNAse plate showed no clearing, the other half had pink smooth colonies with a halo clearing zone surrounding the streak. Upon addition of Kovac’s reagent to the indole test, the reagent was a yellow-orange color. The citrate slant resulted in a color change from green to blue of the entire slant. Table 2: Summary of results obtained from both species in Sample 4. TestOff-white Colony ResultsPink Colony Results NA Platelarge, fuzz-edged colonies, off-white colorsmall, smooth colonies, pink color EMB PlateN/Asmall, smooth pink colonies MSA Platesmall colonies, yellowing of agarN/A Bile Esculin Slantno color change, yellowN/A Blood Agar Plateno change, no clearingN/A Indole TubeN/Aorange-yellow reagent drops Citrate TubeN/Ablue color change TSI SlantN/Ayellow butt, red slant Catalase TestN/ABubbles Dnase Plateno clearing zone observedbright pink colonies, obvious clearing zone Discussion: A compilation of all results led to the determination of both species of bacteria present in Sample 4. The purple color, indicating a thick peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall, of the gram stain for the off-white colonies implied the presence of gram positive bacteria. The pink coloration, indicating a thin peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall, of the gram stain for the pink colonies was indicative of gram negative bacteria. Based on the following results and reasoning, the gram negative species in Sample 4 was determined to be Serratia mercescans. First examined in the determination were the TSI slant results. The yellow butt and red slant of the test imply the bacteria fermented only one of the three sugars present in the agar: glucose. This is understood when the concentrations of each sugar is examined; if either lactose or sucrose had been fermented, the entire tube would have changed color, if no sugars were fermented, the tube would have remained the same red as before. The significance of the butt of the tube changing color and not the slant indicated fermentation of only glucose, as there is not enough glucose in the slant to turn the whole tube yellow. These results are supported by research suggesting S. marcescens ferments glucose, but does not ferment either lactose or sucrose (Wilfert et al, 1970). The DNase plate was essential to the identification because of the distinct result; the obvious clearing zone around the bacteria indicated DNase activity, and the pink colonies on the plate were definitive for that test. S. marcescens is proven to test positive for DNase activity 92. 4% of the time, as well as show consistently pink colored colonies (Wilfert et al, 1970). The citrate utilization test was positive because the dye in the tube changed color from green to blue, denoting an alkaline pH change resulting from the breakdown of citrate by the bacteria. The result of the indole production test was negative, because the added Kovac’s reagent was not colored red. S. marcescens has been proven to test positive 100% of the time for citrate utilization, and test negative 99% of the time for indole production (Wilfert et al, 1970). The NA and EMB plates further solidified the identification of the gram negative bacteria as S. marcescens. The species has consistently smooth, pink colonies on nutrient agar, as well as on EMB. The sample was also consistent in testing negative for the fermentation of lactose because it did not result in purple colonies on the EMB plate, the color remained unchanged. Overall, the distinctive compilation of the test and plate results in comparison to known characteristics of all possible bacterial unknowns for the gram negative bacteria allowed for determination as S. marcescens; possibly most notable: the constant pink coloration of the colonies. The gram positive species in Sample 4 was determined to be Bacillus subtilis based upon the observed results and observations, as well as detailed research information describing typical B. subtilis characteristics. A very powerful early indication of B. subtilis came from information attainable from the gram stain, cell morphology. Every cell observed on the slide was bacillus or rod shaped; of the three possible gram positive bacteria (B. subtilis, S. aureus, and S. faecalis) only B. subtilis is morphologically bacillus, the others are coccus. The result of the catalase test was clearly positive, the immediate production of bubbles indicated a bacteria able to break hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. B. subtilis has been shown to test positive for the enzyme catalase; the species is even occasionally used as a model organism in laboratory catalase research (Bol et al, 1991). The response of the bacteria to the esculin hydrolysis test indicates a negative result. No black color change indicated that the esculin in the slant was not broken down, and there were no byproducts to bind to iron and turn the tube black. In an aside to the initial morphology result, the esculin hydrolysis and catalase tests indicate the gram positive unknown is not S. faecalis, a species known to show color change for esculin hydrolysis and negative for the catalase enzyme (Zervos et al, 1987). The blood agar showed no change in the agar, indicating gamma-hemolysis. B. subtilis has not been known to typically lyse blood cells, the model laboratory organism S. aureus has been known to exhibit this characteristic (Fairweather et al, 1983). This final test, in conjunction with the gram stain morphology result, discounts the possibility the unknown species is S. aureus, leaving the final determination of the gram positive unknown in Sample 4 as B. subtilis. In the era of phylogeny, the determination of a bacterial species’ place in the tree of life by way of nucleotide base pair sequencing, taxonomic studies such as this have taken a back seat in true bacterial identification. Phylogeny, however, requires much more time and analysis than the determination of bacteria by testing for certain characteristics; this difference is worth the sacrifice in exact results in situations where an unknown bacteria has caused infection or contamination. Thus, batteries of tests and plates are used commonly in clinical situations where the medical response may need to be immediately determined to help an individual, or prevent an outbreak. Typically, the same strategy of testing by design is used by those in the medical field to launch an investigation into an unknown pathogen or contaminant. The investigator must combine all their knowledge and skill to come to an accurate conclusion, making this type of experiment an essential tool for microbiologists.

How To Get A Scholarship From A Sample Essay

How To Get A Scholarship From A Sample EssayYou can find a great sample essay for a scholarship at places like Kaplan University, Paralegal Academy and the school's website. Some of these examples may be even more impressive than what you can do yourself if you are trying to get a scholarship. It will be important to find a format that will best fit your needs.An essay for a scholarship is usually part of a portfolio of past student loans, financial aid forms, letter of intent letters and transcripts. In some cases, the scholarship money is already there waiting for you. This is often the case if the school or individual has an outstanding amount of outstanding scholarships and financial aid.This gives you a great opportunity to show how you will benefit from getting a scholarship. It shows a history of why you would be a good candidate for getting a scholarship, and why you would use it properly. There are several sample essays that can help you with this. They will give you some in formation about the process and will also give you information about the guidelines that apply to your application.There are several ways to go about getting a scholarship. One of the main reasons that colleges offer these scholarships is to give to people who need financial aid and find it difficult to get it. People who do not have the money to pay for college have a higher chance of going to college, so they should use this opportunity to get money for their education.A sample essay for a scholarship is an easy way to show that you can use your scholarship correctly. This can help you get a scholarship for your special skills and use it to get some real financial aid for school. It can also show other students that you have great potential, and this can help get you noticed by more than one college in your class.The essay is typically short and it is not long. It usually includes information about you, your situation, and why you feel like this scholarship will help you. This is used by many people and it is generally a very good method to use.There are also lots of resources on the internet that will help you write this type of essay. You may even be able to get a sample that was used by someone else in order to make it yours. This will make your application stand out and this can really make a difference.This sample essay can help you get a scholarship. It will show you how to use this opportunity to make sure that you can use it to help you in your college career. It will show you what to include and what to leave out of your essay and make sure that you are as honest as possible.

Definition and Discussions of Writer-Based Prose

Definition and Discussions of Writer-Based Prose Writer-based prose is a kind of private or personal writing: a text that is composed for oneself. Contrast with reader-based prose. The concept of writer-based prose is part of a controversial social-cognitive theory of writing that was introduced by professor of rhetoric Linda Flower in the late 1970s and early 1980s. In Writer-Based Prose: A Cognitive Basis for Problems in Writing (1979), Flower defined the concept as verbal expression written by a writer to himself and for himself. It is the working of his own verbal thought. In its structure, writer-based prose reflects the associative, narrative path of the writers own confrontation with her subject. See the observations below. Also see: Expressive DiscourseBasic WritingComposition StudiesDiaryJournalTwelve Reasons to Keep a Writers DiaryYour Writing: Private and Public Observations Beginning writers often find it difficult to distinguish between public and private writing, or what Linda Flower calls writer based and reader based prose. That is, writer-based prose is a verbal expression. written by, to, and for the writer, that reflects the associative action of the mind when verbally relating a topic. Such prose is typified by many references to the self, is loaded with code words (those known only to the writer), and is usually in a linear format. Reader-based prose, on the other hand, deliberately attempts to address an audience other than the self. It defines coded terms, refers less to the writer, and is structured around the topic. In its language and structure, reader-based prose reflects the purpose of the writers thought, rather than its process as in writer-based prose.(Virginia Skinner-Linnenberg, Dramatizing Writing: Reincorporating Delivery in the Classroom. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997)Writer-based prose (as it is usually defined) appears in all skilled writers journal entries, in the notes good writers make prior to composing an essay, and in early drafts of writing that in final form will be reader based. Everyone uses the strategies of writer-based prose, says Flower, and good writers go step further to transform the writing these strategies produce.(Cherryl Armstrong, Reader-Based and Writer-Based Perspectives in Composition Instruction. Rhetoric Review, Fall 1986) Knowledge-driven planning . . . accounts for writer-based prose with its narrative or descriptive structure and focus on the writer thinking out loud to herself. For difficult tasks, knowledge-driven planning and a writer-based first draft may be a first step toward a reader-based text revised in the afterlight of a more rhetorical plan.(Linda Flower, The Construction of Negotiated Meaning: A Social Cognitive Theory of Writing. Southern Illinois University Press, 1994)To celebrate writer-based prose is to risk the charge of romanticism: just warbling ones woodnotes wild. But my position also contains the austere classic view that we must nevertheless revise with conscious awareness of audience in order to figure out which pieces of writer-based prose are good as they areand how to discard or revise the rest.To point out that writer-based prose can be better for readers than reader-based prose is to reveal problems in these two terms. Does writer-based mean:That the text doesnt work f or readers because it is too much oriented to the writers point of view?Or that the writer was not thinking about readers as she wrotealthough the text may work for readers?(Peter Elbow, Everyone Can Write: Essays Toward a Hopeful Theory of Writing and Teaching. Oxford University Press, 2000)

The feminist media in middle est Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The feminist media in middle est - Essay Example I. A Brief History of Media in the Middle East and the Origins of the Female Presence From a historical standpoint though, Middle Eastern media dates back to the early 1800s. During the times of the Ottoman Empire and Qajar Iran to name but a few, media in official and private arenas began to take shape (Fortna, 97). Although Middle Eastern media at this time was largely financed by subscription and advertisements, it became a popular tool in the transmission and dissemination of cultural/technical works – largely aided by the newly imported printing technologies from European nations (Fortna, 97). However, it wasn’t until the early 20th century when media became a professional occupation, that the power of media (writing, journalism, and illustrations) was fully harnessed. By 1925, print and roving journalists had begun creating teams, to comment on the popular media of the day – radio and cinema (Fortna, 97). Regarding the first notable female presence in Middl e Eastern media, it appears that this is not well documented and varies greatly depending on the type of media. For example, since the inception of Aziza Amir’s first Arabic feature length film in 1927, females have been permitted to make and direct films (Skilli, 48). Filmmaking has offered women (feminist or otherwise) to encapsulate the complexities of female realities and offer a somewhat covert challenge to the dominant view of the female role – for example, Abnoudi’s 1971 file (Horse of Mud), encouraged Middle Eastern people to consider the impact of gender roles and socioeconomic class on the daily lives of Middle Eastern women (Skilli, 48). Critical feminist films that overtly challenge the dominant order are still subject to censorship in the Middle East to this day. For example, when Tahmineh Milani’s feminist film, roughly translated as the â€Å"Hidden Half† was introduced to the public in 2001, she was both arrested and then interrogat ed (Skilli, 49). Women did not become notable in the establishment of publishing houses until the 1980s, when Iranian feminist Shahla Lahiji became the first publishing house owner. Following this, several other women were able to establish publishing houses, and put women’s issues in the public arena for the first time (Skalli, 45). Females did not appear in contemporary journalism in the Middle East until the 1980s – and faced dual threats: from religious quarters and from censorship of the semi-military government when publishing materials that aimed to discuss women’s rights, women’s issues, or any other topic that threatened the prevailing order (Skalli, 41). Sakh (2004) argues that even when women were/are afforded the necessary freedom to participate in mass media outlets in the Middle East, there is no guarantee that they support feminist causes, or aim to promote discussion of issues relevant to women (Sakr, 8). In fact, female illiteracy is a ma jor Middle Eastern issue, which serves to promote compliance with the dominant system, preempt challenges to it, and keep women in a subordinate position (Sakr, 8; Skalli, 41). Regarding female appearance on television, much progress has been made in the past 30 years. Notably, Jordon’s most prominent female reporter, Rana Husseini, and Algerian reporter Horia Saihi, have constructed stories on the female experience of war

Taxonomy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Taxonomy - Case Study Example The main objective of a car crash analysis is to use a car crash data to identify critical combinations of accident that may produce the greatest amount of harm during an automobile adventure. Analyzing faults of cars and trucks in a car-truck crashes can provide important information to be used during an automobile adventure by drivers. It concentrates on investigating who is at fault between a driver of a truck and a driver of a car. Most of these faults are done by careless drivers that engage on unsafe driving acts on the roadways. For instance, a fault of leaving a vehicle in the travel lane due to inattentive driving behavior may cause a severe and costly accident. The research shows that crashes of cars and trucks are more fatal and severe than any other type of vehicle crashes and can be characterized either by low frequency of occurrence with high severity such as head-on crashes or by high frequency of occurrence with low severity like rear-end crashes (U.S. Department of T ransportation, 1999). Finding out unsafe driving acts commonly experienced on roads, due to careless and inattentive drivers, is a noble undertaking of any person embarking on an automobile adventure to test out a car. This will enlighten on some of hazards or traffic hassles that one might run into on the streets before taking a race. By ranking, these unsafe driving acts would help other drivers taking an automobile drive in a great way to identify and avoid these careless and costly acts. Taking a safe automobile drive to test a car out on a highway will require a lot of discipline and caution. In this regard, ensure that your car is fitted with tools such as air bag and speed limit among others that are essential in reducing cases of injuries and death in case a road accident occurs. A driver needs to rest enough before driving, be alert and avoid alcohol or drug while driving. The headlights, signal lights, windows and

Prohibition Underage Drinking Essay Example for Free

Prohibition Underage Drinking Essay Throughout the years advertisement has played a big part in the growth and popularity of many products in our country. Since the 1920’s advertisements have been used for cars, clothes, food and materialistic things that people want or think they have to have. In the mix of all these advertisements, alcohol is the most used, sought after, and dangerous advertisement in the industry. After the prohibition the safety of the people has been the number one concern since alcohol hit the streets. Where we place the advertisement has more of an impact on society and community than the advertisement does on its own brand. Since 1933, when the prohibition ended, advertising was something that people didn’t know much about. The products that were sold by alcohol companies were all sold by word of mouth or by being the first to sell a big order to a local saloon. Now advertising is not only important but it is a necessity. Unlike the 1900’s, businesses currently make teams to go out and make charts, graphs, and plots of all cities with bus station, bus benches, billboards and even characteristics to the city that match the target market that the company is trying to attract. What makes this so dangerous is the fact that companies have gotten so good at placing advertising, that they already know who the advertising will influence in that city before they put it up. The reason why this is bad is because unlike in the 1920’s, now businesses and companies can find out what parts of the country and what communities drink the most in what areas . In the business world this is great because it makes maximizing your profits really easy, but what they don’t know is that it is hurting the community. The areas that these advertising companies target are low income families, poor communities, and neighborhoods that are known for alcohol induced crimes. This has not only made the problem worse but it has created new problems like underage drinking. Advertising is perceived by teens in different ways than adults perceive it. When a teen sees an advertising in these kinds of areas often they get confused about what is really being advertised and often teens don’t have the support in their life to ask about what it really is. They try and take what they see on the advertisement and match it to what they see in reality. Often the only similarities teens make the connection with is parties, dancing, and girls. But what they don’t know about is the consequences. Since the 1920’s the government has been doing everything they can to stop alcohol induced crime, but it has only gotten worse. In the united states 80% of college students between the age of 18-20 are said to consume alcohol when at college. The universities have tried to set strict policies for drinking and having parties on campus, but all it has done is make the college kids more rebellious and determined to not get caught. This can be a main contributing factor to drop out rates, car accidents, unprotected sex, fights, and alcohol poisoning that has been a concerning statistic for many universities. The consequences that the universities and even the government have set up for underage drinking are become so serious that it can now effect your entire life with fines such as a year in jail, $500 fine, 3 year probation, and a felony. This can effect students and underage drinkers from getting jobs, driver license, and going to school in the future. As you can see advertising since the 1920s was nothing like it is today. They relied on word of mouth to sell their product to the right place and now we have cheat sheets and charts to send companies to the right buyer and sometimes the wrong consumer. As a part of the 20th century revolution we have to deal with the problems that the advertising has created as well as learn about what the advertising has taught us.

Dealing with Clinical Depression: A Rough Idea :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Dealing with Clinical Depression: A Rough Idea Life is full of ups and downs. Every individual experiences mood changes, which are mere reaction to everyday experiences. The loss of a loved one might produce sadness while graduating from school might elicit happiness. Likewise a sunny day might make you smile while; a gray day in the winter might produce the â€Å"blues.† And yet, these reactions are normal, although by no means experienced by all whose lives are touched by the events. The blues are usually short-lived, hours to a few days in duration. They rarely disrupt ability to work and are rarely seen by outside observers as a marked shift in behavior ((2)). Yet the occasional blues is very different from the persistent â€Å"down,† that people with depression experience. It is estimated that in the United States about 19 million people or one in ten adults experience depression each year. Nearly two-thirds do not get help for the disease and or receive the treatment they need. They might be too embarrassed or ashamed to get help or they may not realize that they are depressed and need help. Others think that depression is just part of life and their feelings of sadness will pass in time. While most people experience depression at some time during their lives, depression that last more than a few weeks requires treatment (2). That is the odd thing about depression. Few of us think twice about going to the hospital to set a broken limb, because we know a health-care professional can help us. It is the same for depression. There is a long-running controversy about the cause of depression, which means no one, knows for sure: some say our personal history or experiences (psychology) cause depression, others say brain chemistry causes depression. Yet others say that depression is caused by genetic predisposition (4). Though all theories are valid and supported by various scientific findings, defining the cause of depression is complicated. Obviously, no two individuals become depressed in the same way. For example, one might become depressed from stress while another person might have a genetic predisposition to the disease. To add to the complication of depression, there are various types of the illness. Furthermore, various combinations and severity of symptoms can cause depression and many people su ffer only some traits associated with depression ((2)). Dealing with Clinical Depression: A Rough Idea :: Biology Essays Research Papers Dealing with Clinical Depression: A Rough Idea Life is full of ups and downs. Every individual experiences mood changes, which are mere reaction to everyday experiences. The loss of a loved one might produce sadness while graduating from school might elicit happiness. Likewise a sunny day might make you smile while; a gray day in the winter might produce the â€Å"blues.† And yet, these reactions are normal, although by no means experienced by all whose lives are touched by the events. The blues are usually short-lived, hours to a few days in duration. They rarely disrupt ability to work and are rarely seen by outside observers as a marked shift in behavior ((2)). Yet the occasional blues is very different from the persistent â€Å"down,† that people with depression experience. It is estimated that in the United States about 19 million people or one in ten adults experience depression each year. Nearly two-thirds do not get help for the disease and or receive the treatment they need. They might be too embarrassed or ashamed to get help or they may not realize that they are depressed and need help. Others think that depression is just part of life and their feelings of sadness will pass in time. While most people experience depression at some time during their lives, depression that last more than a few weeks requires treatment (2). That is the odd thing about depression. Few of us think twice about going to the hospital to set a broken limb, because we know a health-care professional can help us. It is the same for depression. There is a long-running controversy about the cause of depression, which means no one, knows for sure: some say our personal history or experiences (psychology) cause depression, others say brain chemistry causes depression. Yet others say that depression is caused by genetic predisposition (4). Though all theories are valid and supported by various scientific findings, defining the cause of depression is complicated. Obviously, no two individuals become depressed in the same way. For example, one might become depressed from stress while another person might have a genetic predisposition to the disease. To add to the complication of depression, there are various types of the illness. Furthermore, various combinations and severity of symptoms can cause depression and many people su ffer only some traits associated with depression ((2)).