Cognitive And Behavioral Treatments Of Adhd Essay

Cognitive and Behavioral Treatments of ADHD Thoughts that One May Have Prior to the Education on ADHD Upon choosing this topic for research, I thought about the experience that I have in this department. I have none. I do not possess a single shred of experience with ADHD, but I have had the privilege of knowing a few people with this attention disorder. The thought that came to mind when I heard this acronym for the first time was, â€Å"What in the world does this mean?† Therefore, this is where I started my research. What is ADHD? The official definition of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is â€Å"recognized as a brain disorder marked by an ongoing pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development,† as reported by the National Institute of Mental Health (2016). This website also broke down each component of this disorder to help understand it better as well. Inattention means that the person wanders off task and hyperactivity means that the person seems to move about constantly. However, not only does a person who suffers from ADHD have an issue with inattention and hyperactivity, but that person also is subject to impulsivity which is where that person makes â€Å"hasty actions that occur in the moment without first thinking about repercussions,† (National Institute of Mental Health, 2016). According to another source, â€Å"ADHD is a developmental, neurobiological condition defined by the presence of severe per vasiveShow MoreRelatedCOGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY IN TREATMENT OF ADHD Essay949 Words   |  4 Pageschildren 4-17 years of age have ever been diagnosed with ADHD, as of 2007. As of 2007, 2.7 million youth ages 4-17 years (66.3% of those with a current diagnosis) were receiving medication treatment for the disorder (cdc.gov). The Surgen General lists ADHD, as the most commonly diagnosed behavioral disorder of childhood. With numbers as these it seems imperative to know what works best for over 2.7 million children in treatment. Cognitive refers to our thinking, Behavior how we behave the two goRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy As A Sole Treatment For Adhd1649 Words   |  7 PagesJeffery Vittengl PSYC366 14 July 2015 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as a Sole Treatment for ADHD in Adults According to the International Journal of Neuropsychiatric Medicine, about 4% of adults in the United States are affected by ADHD. It’s a disorder that usually emerges in childhood and in the past was thought of as exclusive to a person’s earlier years. More recent research has proved this to be untrue, instead revealing that many people who are diagnosed with ADHD in childhood will continue to haveRead MoreOne Treatment For Adhd Incorporates Cognitive Behavioral Therapy894 Words   |  4 PagesOne treatment for ADHD incorporates Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Counseling, and Social Skills training to address deficits in emotional regulation including low self-esteem, anger or aggression, anxiety or withdrawal, loneliness, and depression. People who are diagnosed with ADHD can learn conversational skills and can also improve tasks like organization, and memory. Studies have shown that interventions like Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Counseling, and Social Skills traini ng to address deficitsRead MoreAttention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder1656 Words   |  7 Pagescommon well- known behavioral disorders, that is defined by the DSM as having a â€Å"persistent pattern of hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention, for at least six months and it is so severe that it interferers with your development†. As of 2013, it affects 11 percent of children between the ages of 4-17 and is more prevalent in boys than in girls. (http://www.additudemag.com/adhd/article/688.html) ADHD with aggression is very common as well. The aggression aspect can be shown through ADHD being in combinationRead MoreThe Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on ADHD1064 Words   |  5 Pageseffects of ADHD on children and not on adults. The reason that the author decided to focus the research on children is because, as stated before, ADHD is a childhood disorder that should be diagnosed before reaching adulthood. The author of this work believes that if the diso rder, and the effects thereof, are addressed during childhood there will be less of an impact on adults, increasing the importance of treatment during childhood. A second limitation to this study is the form of treatment that theRead MoreADHD Research Paper948 Words   |  4 PagesADHD Treatment Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Ford-Martin, 2014) is a mental disorder involving brief to prolonged periods of hyperactivity and the inability to focus on tasks, causing the patient to become easily frustrated and unable to sit still. This inability to focus often negatively impacts the patient, frequently causing him/her to lose self-esteem and give up. This label instills a feeling of hopelessness when it comes to completing certain tasks that others are able to performRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )791 Words   |  4 PagesAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) would be a very interesting area of research. I find this topic interesting because there are so many people that still believe that ADHD is a made up disorder and that the real problem is a lack of good parenting skills. I have several people in my life that are affected by ADHD. I have found that despite copious amounts of research into effective treatments, it is still di fficult to find a healthcare provider with accurate information on the subjectRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1100 Words   |  5 PagesAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) What is ADHD? Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric illness characterized by problems with attention as well as hyperactivity. Individuals also tend to act impulsively. The exact cause is unclear but is likely related to genetic factors as first-degree relatives are often affected. The disease frequently begins in childhood and may progress into adulthood. The condition is also often associated with other psychiatric comorbiditiesRead MoreAnalysis Of Vargas Family Case Study Essay1043 Words   |  5 PagesEvidence-based practices refers to services or treatments that have been studied or researched and clinically proved to be effective by various investigative teams. ï‚ ´ They practice is also used as an oversight or supervision strategy that allows providers to implement the treatment according to procedure or protocol (Gruttadaro, Burns, Duckworth Crudo, 2007). ï‚ ´ The two types of evidence based models discussed below are behavior therapy (Cognitive Behavior Therapy) and parent training behavior managementRead MoreNeurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Disorders Essay1706 Words   |  7 Pagesfair comparisons that allow the diagnosis and treatments of adult and childrens behaviors to be equal. Neurodevelopment disorders in children result in maladaptive behavior which appears in different life periods and deems the once popular view that children were miniature adults untrue with more focus on the special problems of children using the DSM-5, along with professional knowledge and ethics as a guideline to an unbiased diagnosis and treatment (Butcher Hooley, 2014). A Neurocognitive

Annotated Bibliography On Requirements Specification

Requirements Specification Purpose This Project will create a database to hold information about Sure Start’s extensive educational, welfare and social/recreational resources (books, CDs and videos) on their premises that Staff, Volunteers and Parents can borrow. It will contain information regarding lending dates and how long resources have been borrowed for. Scope The criteria that should be fulfilled to cover the full scope of this project is as follows: †¢ The database should be original and customised †¢ The data entry system should be restrictive and validated †¢ Database should be automatic †¢ It should be a user friendly as possible so as to eliminate the previous problems †¢ Capable of generating weekly/monthly reports †¢ Security†¦show more content†¦It should also be able to track if the book is overdue or missing. †¢ To only allow those authorised to access and input data. †¢ To be easy to navigate and show all the information necessary. Definitions †¢ Borrower ID – the unique number given to the borrower when they joined the system †¢ Borrower – the name of the person who has taken out a book on loan †¢ Address – the address of the person who has taken out a book on loan †¢ Book ID – the unique number given to a book within the library †¢ Library Administrator – the full name of the staff member who is on the system †¢ Book Details – the author, title, ISBN, year and category of the book †¢ Loan Details - the loan out and due in dates of the book Functional Requirements The system will allow the user to: Must have (M)/ Should have (S)/ Could have (C)/ Won’t Have (W) Item Description Rating Contact Details The address and phone number of the borrower M Status Who is borrowing the book e.g. staff, volunteer, parent S Admin Details The name and contact details of the library administrator M Resource The number and type of resource borrowed M Resource Details The author, publisher, title, year of release and category of the resource M Loan Details The date out and due date in M Resource Status If item is overdue or missing S Keyword Search Enter a word and system will return useful answer C Report Produces a weekly or monthly report C Print Report Prints

Style of JD Salinger Essay Example For Students

Style of JD Salinger Essay Many critics consider J.D. Salinger a very controversial writer,for the subject matters that he writes.. J.D. Salingers works weregenerally written during two time periods. The first time period wasduring World War II, and the second time period was during the 1960s. Critics feel that the works during the 1960 time period were veryinappropriate, because of the problems for which he wrote. The maincharacters were generally misfits of society. In most of his works,he has the protagonist of the story go on a quest for happiness. Salinger does not conform to the material happiness; the charactersundergo a spiritual happiness. The characters generally start out asin bad conditions, through the end of his works they undergone changesthat change them for the better. The works of J.D. Salinger show the quest for happiness throughreligion, loneliness, and symbolism. Salingers works often usereligion in order to portray comfort. In Salingers Nine StoriesFranny Glass keeps reciting the â€Å"Jesus Prayer† to cope with thesuicide of her brother Seymour (Bloom in Bryfonski and Senick 69). Salinger is able to use this prayer as a means of comfort for Franny. The prayer stands for the last hope for Franny in this situation. Franny would be lost if their was no prayer. (Bryfonski and Senick71). Salinger shows us comfort in Catcher in the Rye. HoldenCaufield, the protagonist, is very much in despair for losing hisgirlfriend, so Caufield reads a passage in the Bible. This helpsHolden change his outlook on life (Salzberg 75). Holden was all aloneat this point and had no one to turn back on, until he found the Bible(Salzberg 76). In both stories the characters had found themselves inbad situations. The characters in these works have obstacles whichthey must overcome in order to achieve happiness (Salzman 34). Happiness is the very substance which all of these characters arestriving for in Salingers works. Salinger uses religion in his worksto comfort them so that they can proceed on their quest to achievehappiness. Salinger uses religion as a means for liberation. Salingeruses much of the Zen philosophy, as in the case of Nine Stories, toachieve this liberation (Madsen 93). In Nine Stories one of thecharacters, Seymour Glass, is portrayed as Buddha in the sense that hewants to be liberated as Buddha was in his life (Madsen 93). SeymourGlass in Nine Stories has a certain philosophy about life, it issimilar to the Eightfold Path used by Buddha when achieving nirvana(French in Matuz 212). Seymour Glass is on a quest to become freefrom all of the suffering in his life as Buddha was from his life(French in Matuz 213). Seymour follows the Eightfold path to becomeliberated from suffering (Madsen 96). Seymour achieves â€Å"nirvana† byliving a good life and end anything that causes sufferi ng. Seymour isable to attain nirvana by committing suicide (Lundquist in Matuz 211). Salinger shows us that when Seymour committed suicide he let go ofall of the suffering that he encountered, thus attaining the happinesshe longed for (French, Salinger Revisited 132). Salinger showsliberation as an end to all suffering, thus creating happiness for thecharacter. (French, Salinger Revisited 133). The final function ofreligion as a means to attain happiness was to gain peace In â€Å"TheYoung Lion,† Salinger uses religion to gain peace through afictitious war. In the story many of the soldiers were dying and thecountries were in turmoil (Lundquist 312). The leaders in the storysee a vision on the battlefield that changes them, and stops the war(Lundquist 315). Salinger shows how religion can be a force used tocreate happiness in a story, by creating peace (Lundquist 313). Salinger is able to use religion as a means of attaining happinessthrough peace. The story seemed very dismal, until religionintervened and stopped the conflict. Salinger creates happiness forthe characters by stopping the conflict. In â€Å"The Stranger† Salingercreates peace through a war by using more of the Zen philosophy. Dizzy gillespie, his life. EssaySalinger 66). The characters in J.D. Salingers works start out in badsituations. Through the use of lucky symbols their life is changed towhat will make them happy. Salinger uses symbolism in his works alsoto foreshadow a better life. In â€Å"Long Debut of Louis Taggett† thesymbol of a cigarette being put out foreshadows the end of a marriage(Galloway in Curley and Kramer 58). The end of this marriage forLouis Taggett, means good for his life (Galloway in Curley and Kramer61). Louis at the end of the story is able toconcentrate more on his job, where he meets the woman that will reallylove him, and find wealth and prosperity (Galloway in Curley andKramer 59). This symbolism to foreshadow is one of many examples ofhow Salinger uses symbolism to predict a better life (Galloway inCurley and Kramer 61). Salinger many times use subtle, but importantsymbols to foreshadow better things (Galloway in Curley and Kramer62). The character, in this work, has suffered through hardships. The characters life is in a total mess at the time. Salinger alsoshows foreshadowing to a better life through â€Å"The Last Day of the LastFurlough† (Matuz 157). In the story John Hendren is able Salingeruses symbolism for the character to fulfill his quest for happiness(Matuz 148)John Hendren who is in World War II, has always wore largewooden necklace given to him by his mother (Matuz 148). This samenecklace stops a bullet, which could have killed him(Matuz 149). Johnis later awarded a medal of respect for his valiant effort, giving himlots of fame(Matuz 149). Salinger shows how such symbols providehappiness to the lives of people (Wenke 237). Salinger uses allusion from other works to show how happiness willbe fulfilled. In Salingers Catcher in the Rye, Salinger refersgreatly in one chapter to ducks in central park. The ducks are incontext to a scripture in the Bible, which tells of how the ducks arefree (Galloway in Bloom 53). Salinger later explains that Holden willbecome free as these ducks (Galloway in Bloom 54). In Catcher in theRye Holdens main purpose was to be free from the suffering (Gallowayin Bloom 58). The ducks represented how he would feel, being happy(Galloway in Bloom 56). Salinger also shows his symbolism from otherworks through the work of Mark Twain. Salinger portrays how Holden inCatcher in the Rye changes to a different man when he is at the waterfountain in Central Park, as the case in Mark Twains Huckleberry Finnin which Huck changes when he is on the Mississippi River (Grunwald inBloom 64). Salinger uses symbolism from other books in his books toconvey how the characters in his works will change f or a better life(Grunwald in Bloom 67). Salinger uses much of the symbolism to showhow the life of the characters has become happy. Salinger usessymbols to show the turning point of the characters lives. He showsthat these symbols will change their lives for the better. The works of Salinger show the quest for happiness throughreligion, loneliness, and symbolism. Salingers writings deal withcharacters fulfilling their quest for happiness. He would have thecharacters accomplish their quest by going through obstacles, inwhich they learned about their lives. He employed the religion,loneliness, and symbolism as means for the characters to understandhow to obtain happiness in life. The writings of the Salinger, becomevery important for this time period, because he goes against the grainof society to show how it is wrong. The writings of Salinger, whilethey may have been excellent in style, have become very controversialfor what he has portrayed in the society during this time period

Accounting Software used in Australia Accounting Competitors

Question: Describe about the Report for Accounting Software used in Australia of Accounting Competitors. Answer: Introduction Accounting is very important for the proficient knowledge. Every company requires accounting for their day to day working needs which is not possible to do manually these days so many companies prefer to use the accounting software rather than doing these manually. A very crucial role is played these days by the accounting software. Basically accounting software is nothing but the class of computer programs that helps in managing the operations of the business financial transactions. Use of the accounting software is increasing widely as it helps the companies to use their resources efficiently in the accounting departments and helps in reducing the mistakes that are costly while doing the book keeping. The accounting software leads to accuracy in the work and helps in increasing the speed in recording the various transactions. This accounting software helps in generating the reports that are further used in preparing the tax of the business. There are various accounting software tha t are being used in Australia like Myob, QuickBooks, Reckon, Saasu and Xero. The report is related to the very commonly used accounting software in Australia Intuit QuickBooks, Xero, Saasu etc and there details. Many firms in Australia are using the QuickBooks accounting software in Australia for recording their business transactions. History The era of the accounting software began in the year 1955 with privately owned software that was first built in Kentucky, USA for handling the payroll for the general electric appliance factory and was named Univac 1. The early accounting software was bespoke and as there was advancement in technology the innovations continued. The capacity of the computer grew gradually that enabled the various high development tools. Throughout the 1960s the various companies invested in producing various accounting system tailored that suited their particular requirements. However there was a continuous growth in the capability of the computers due to which idea of generalized application began to rise . In the year 1973 SAP RF was introduced that enabled the handling of wide variety of system and business chores. In the year 1983 intuit was founded and it launched its first product Quicken in the year same year. These further increased the accounting application as and when the time passed. In th e early 1980s a very young company named Teleware Inc developed a very eye catching and innovative accounting software that caused the eye of the best software and was purchased by it in the year 1983 and it changed its name in the year 1999 which is very popularly known as MYOB now a days. (Scott 2015)QuickBooks was known as Quicken to the Australian market since 25 years since people recognized it as QuickBooks. QuickBooks was built by the Reckon as its name by investing millions of dollars in the product development and marketing that helped in winning the loyalty and the support of various thousands of businesses. Then in the year 2012 everything was given on and the Quicken was finally recognized as the QuickBooks and Quicken brand names. The company decided to take this step because the QuickBooks was acting as an anchor that was further delaying the progress and rendering them helpless in the era of tough competition. Due to this move the QuickBooks returned to its own foundi ng name that is Reckon and that helped it in placing its confidence with its in house talent and strong culture of innovation. QuickBooks is reckoned as a #1 rated online book keeping and accounting software for the various businesses that includes the small businesses as well. The software is present in 130 countries and is developed by intuit which is the American Company. (Ryan 2012)This software that is cloud based was launched in Australia in the year 2012 after its launch it has been adopted by thousands of users around the country that is further contributing to the increase in the number of subscribers to approximately 841,000 all over the world. Adoption and development of cloud computing in Australia In various countries the excel spreadsheets and shoe box full of receipts was used for managing the accounts of the company that included various small businesses and start-ups. But, due to the advent of cloud computing and the rash of various systems there had been a rapid change for the businesses and the accounting firms that serves them. The company can access the cloud based accounting system by paying a nominal fees to less than $50 per month and hence they can have various different features at their disposal that can help managing their accounts in a less period of time. Due to the arrival of the various cloud based accounting systems like the Saasu, Xero, iBizz and JCurve have made the spreadsheets on the run.(Head 2013) The rate at which the cloud computing is being adopted by the people in Australia is remarkable with almost three out of five businesses that are using the cloud computing for managing their accounts. The businesses that are using Xero as their accounting software has doubled since the month of September last year. (Dinham 2014)But, the main issue that is being faced by the businesses while using the accounting software is the security of the same. Many accountants and bookkeepers are being trained from time to time so that they can easily get adapted in using the cloud computing software. Market size of the accounting software used in Australia According to the various reports it has been observed that there is various accounting software that has been used in Australia like MYOB, Xero, QuickBooks, Saasu. According to the reports of Stanmoulis it has been found that MYOB is the largest accounting software provider in the countries like New Zealand and Australia and Xero is the biggest cloud accounting company. There are about 116,000 subscribers of the cloud as compared to the Xero that has about 320,000 subscribers across the areas of New Zealand and Australia.(Heber 2015) According to the reports of Small Business Administration it has been found that the Intuit has about 89% market share of the small business accounting and the tax software. According to the reports of SBA there are approximately 1.3 million small bookkeeping and accounting firms which means that the average gross revenue of the company is about $43,000.(Rives 2015) Leaders in the Cloud computing market in Australia The various organizations weather big or small is replacing the traditional desktop accounting software with the cloud accounting software. According to the latest report of capioIT , it has been found out that about 27% of the businesses and the various accounting firms that accounts to about 67% have already moved to the online cloud accounting software. According to the reports that are available from the various accounting organizations it has been found that the Xero is the market leader in the online accounting software in Australia. (Dinham 2014)There are about 147,000 Australian customers of Xero in the year 2014 that has increased to about 96% in the succeeding year. Intuit was enjoying the position of the market leader earlier that was given tough competition by the Xero in the year 2014.(R G Technologies 2014) Competitive advantage with Xero as a market leader in Australia It is cloud based The Xero software is cloud based unlike the QuickBooks it was built from the ground up for the cloud. The users are free to access their accounts any where any time provided they have an internet connection. Simple and Intuitive UI This software was basically built for the people who are not accounting professionals but it is also smart enough for the accounting professionals. It has an Intuitive User interface.(Annoynomous 2014) Xero tops with its rich features There are various unique features that help the Xero to be on the top. The accountants are not required to prepare the files manually for inputting the data in to the software. Challenges faced by the users while using the accounting software Though the accounting software has made managing the accounts of the various companies very easy but still there are various disadvantages that are being faced by the users of the accounting software. Some of the challenges that are faced by the users are: Cost For using the accounting software the user is required to buy the software and the various additional licenses for using that software on the other computers. There are various upgrades that are required to be purchased for the additional features. Fraud There is extra level of security that is required by the accounting software so as to prevent the various problems like embezzlement and fraud. The users can easily alter the data that can lead to various frauds. Additional software There are various software that require additional software if the user wants to review the reports. As for example there are some programs that allow the user to export the PDF file or Excel spreadsheet this additional software may require additional expense for the user.(Morris 2014) Training The accounting software requires the time of the user to make him understand and learn on how to use the software. The user needs to learn what each button in the software and the menu does. Human Error There are various errors that are committed by the users while working with the software like typing errors. Entering the data in the software very quickly often results in various errors.(Crowder 2014) Suggestions to overcome the challenges Proper Training The users of the accounting software shall be given proper training for using the accounting software so that they do not do mistakes due to lack of proper training. Password protected The Software shall always be password protected so that the unknown person does not have the access to the software and cannot alter the various information of the software. User shall not enter the information very quickly So as to avoid the human errors due to entering the data in a very fast manner the user shall always take care that he enters the data correctly and not in a hurry. Sometimes in a hurry the data can be entered wrong due to which there are various issues and the reports of the companies may lead misleading assumptions due to wrong entered information so that shall be avoided by the user.(Stock 2014) Conclusion From the various researches it can be concluded that accounting and bookkeeping has been made very easy with the help of various software in various countries like Australia. Though there are various drawbacks of the same but it can be avoided with proper measures. Proper training is required to use this software. This software has made entering information quickly. Bibliography Annoynomous 2014, bpoconnect, viewed 25 August 2016, https://bpoconnect.com.au/top-7-reasons-xero-accounting-wins-competitors/. Crowder, CD 2014, Tech In., viewed 25 August 2016, https://techin.oureverydaylife.com/disadvantages-accounting-software-1965.html. Dinham, P 2014, itwire.com, viewed 25 August 2016, https://www.itwire.com/business-it-news/accounting-software/66402-australian-smbs-ahead-in-adoption-of-cloud-accounting-software. Dinham, P 2014, www.itwire, viewed 25 August 2016, https://www.itwire.com/business-it-news/accounting-software/65003-intuit-takes-the-accounting-software-market-and-xero-head-on-with-smb-study. Head, B 2013, 'Accounting software wars move to the cloud', Financial Review. Heber, A 2015, Business Insider, viewed 25 August 2016, https://www.businessinsider.com.au/charts-the-battle-for-supremacy-in-australias-cloud-accounting-market-2015-4. Morris, K 2014, Chron, viewed 25 August 2016, https://smallbusiness.chron.com/disadvantages-using-accounting-software-3823.html. R G Technologies 2014, Cloud Accounting software, viewed 25 August 2016, https://blog.rgtechnologies.com.au/cloud-accounting-software-tools. Rives, W 2015, Quora, viewed 25 August 2016, https://www.quora.com/What-is-current-the-market-size-for-small-business-accounting. Ryan, E 2012, GAA Accounting, viewed 25 August 2016, https://www.gaaaccounting.com/the-evolution-of-accounting-software-past-present-and-future/. Scott, B 2015, 'Accounting Software Grows Up', The Accounting Journal. Stock, B 2014, 360 Cloud, viewed 25 August 2016, https://blog.360cloudsolutions.com/how-to-overcome-challenges-in-the-dynamic-software-industry.

Systematic Identification of Bacillus Subtilis and Serratia Marcescens Through a Battery of Tests and Plates Introduction free essay sample

The purpose of this experiment was to use a systematic battery of tube tests and plates designed to lead to identification of two unknown bacterial species, from the combination of all results. A sample of bacteria was used, labeled â€Å"Sample 4†, from which both species was to be obtained, one gram positive and one gram negative. Table 1 is a list of the possible bacteria to be identified; the basic ideas and practice of identification of an unknown sample of bacteria are important for a microbiologist to develop. Not only is proper procedural practice necessary, the investigator must use critical thinking to solve the puzzle that an unknown bacterial sample represents. The essential idea of bacterial identification and grouping based on testable characteristics is referred to as taxonomy. The types of tests and the efficiency of the identification or taxonomic placement depend upon both the critical reasoning of the microbiologist and a well-designed plan. We will write a custom essay sample on Systematic Identification of Bacillus Subtilis and Serratia Marcescens Through a Battery of Tests and Plates Introduction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The tests performed and used in the determination of the gram positive bacteria in Sample 4 were the gram stain, esculin hydrolysis, catalase production, and observations from MSA, NA, and blood agar plates. The tests performed and used in the determination of the gram negative bacteria in Sample 4 were the gram stain, TSI slant, citrate utilization, indole production, and observations from EMB, NA, and DNase plates. All tests performed were reasoned to differentiate distinct characteristics of bacteria from the other possibilities, thus identifying the two unknown species in Sample 4. Table 1: List of possible bacterial species. Bacterial Species Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Proteus mirabilis Shigella flexneri Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus subtilis Enterobacter aerogenes Enterococcus faecalis Serratia marcescens Distinct plate results and observations were expected to be essential to the bacterial determination of both species in Sample 4. During the identification, the bacteria were plated to multiple NA (Nutrient Agar) plates. Nutrient Agar is a general agar medium containing chemicals essential for growing most culturable bacteria in the lab; it is not considered a selective or differential medium, it simply gives insight into general colony characteristics (Madigan et al, 2012). Each of the two different species of bacteria underwent a gram stain; the gram stain method involves staining and counterstaining a sample of cells, in which the results depend upon the composition and thickness of elements of the cell wall. Gram negative cells have more chemically complex cell walls, gram positive cells are less complex yet have a thicker layer of a component called peptidoglycan. The difference in results from a Gram stain is because of this distinction in cell wall composition. After treatment with iodine and decolorization with acetone, gram positive bacteria retain the coloration of the first dye used, and gram negative bacteria are counterstained with the color of the second dye (Madigan et al, 2012). After identification of a bacterial sample as gram positive or negative, the latter may be plated to an EMB plate, the former to an MSA plate. Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) plates are designed with selective high concentrations of salt, as well as a differential yellow color change which indicates bacteria that ferment mannitol. Eosin Methelyne Blue (EMB) plates are formulated for the encouragement of growth for gram negative bacterial species; EMB plates can also indicate the bacterial fermentation of lactose if the plated colonies are purple after incubation (Levine, 1981). Two other plates commonly used to identify characteristics of bacteria are the DNase and blood agar plate. A DNase plate is an agar plate used to test for a microorganism that employs the enzyme DNase, which breaks down DNA. A DNase plate contains DNA bound to a dye embedded in the agar, this dye is only colored when bound to the negatively charged DNA particle. If DNA on the plate is broken down by a microorganism, the dye will no longer be bound to it, and thus no longer be colored. A positive result for DNase then, is a clearing zone or â€Å"halo† around the bacterial streak on the plate (Menzies, 1977). A blood agar plate is used to test a gram positive microorganism’s hemolysis activity. Hemolysis is the breakdown of red blood cells, thus an agar plate embedded with red blood cells is used to test for this activity. If red blood cells are broken down, the red color of the agar will disappear and the result is said to be positive beta-hemolysis; if there is no clearing under or around the microorganisms the result is said to be negative gamma-hemolysis (Brown, 1991). Plate results are an important framework on which to rest the slant and tube tests that follow them. The results of slant and liquid tube tests give indications on less of a spectrum basis than plate results, but can be just as useful when many are compiled together. The bile esculin hydrolysis test is a selective and differential slant used to identify bacteria of the genus Enterococcus. The test contains bile salts to select for the desired bacteria, and differentiates because the hydrolysis of esculin and subsequent combination of the products with iron produces a black color. A positive test for the bile esculin slant is a completely blackened tube (Lindell et al, 1975). A triple sugar iron (TSI) slant is used to identify sugar fermentation in a microorganism; it contains a red pH-sensitive dye that will turn yellow under acidic conditions, such as contact with the acidic byproducts of sugar fermentation. The three sugars, sucrose, lactose and glucose, are present in specific concentrations, 1%, 1%, and . 1% respectively (Hajna, 1945). The combination of the color change results and the location in the tube of the changes allows for a multitude of varying results. The TSI slant is a useful launch point for an investigation of this type, because the varying results can give a solid idea of what direction the remainder of the tests must take. A citrate utilization test is used to determine if an organism uses citrate as its only source of carbon, a positive result will change the dye in the slant from green to blue due to the byproducts changing the pH in the tube (Kiska et al, 2002). An indole production test is used to indicate if an organism can degrade the chemical tryptophan into indole and other products. After incubation, the tube is tested for indole production by the addition of Kovac’s reagent; the reagents indicates a positive result if it is colored red in the tube, negative if it is not red (Watanabe et al, 1972). A catalase test is a slightly different category of test than plates or slants; it used to determine if a microorganism uses the enzyme catalase. If, upon placement of a drop of hydrogen peroxide on a bacterial colony, bubbles are produced, the bacteria has broken down the H2O2 into water and oxygen. The oxygen production is responsible for the bubbles, thus bubbling is said to be a positive test for the enzyme catalase (Keilin et al, 1938). The systematic inventory of the results obtained from all of the tests allowed the gram negative and gram positive species of bacteria in Sample 4 to be determined as Serratia marcescens and Bacillus subtulis, respectively. Procedure: The bacterial tube labeled â€Å"Sample 4† was obtained, the bacteria inside were streaked for isolation to an NA plate and incubated overnight at 37 ° C. Distinguishing by isolated colony color and morphology on the NA plate, a gram stain was performed on one of each of the two distinct colony types. The gram negative bacteria was both plated to an EMB plate and streaked to a new NA plate for isolation. The gram positive was both plated to an MSA plate and also streaked to a new NA plate for isolation. The plates were incubated overnight at 37 ° C. Colonies isolated on the gram positive NA plate were used to inoculate all of the following tests. A bile esculin slant was streaked along the surface with a loop. The slant was incubated overnight at 37 ° C and the results were recorded. A blood agar hemolysis activity plate was streaked for isolation, and then incubated overnight at 37 ° C, the results were recorded. Finally, a catalase test was performed by directly placing a drop of hydrogen peroxide on a colony of the NA plate and the results were recorded immediately. Colonies isolated on the gram negative NA plate were used to inoculate all of the following tests. A TSI slant was first stabbed through to the bottom, and then streaked along the surface with a loop. The surface of a citrate slant was streaked in a zigzag pattern. A tube of broth containing tryptophan was inoculated with a loop full of bacteria for the indole test. After incubation, two drops of Kovac’s reagent was added to this tube and the color of the drops was recorded. All of the tests above were incubated for 24 hours, with the exception of the citrate test which incubated for 48 hours at 37 ° C, the results were subsequently recorded. A DNase plate was marked down the center; each half was designated to one of the two species, and a single straight streak of a colony from the respective NA plates was set onto the agar. The DNase plate was incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours, results were observed and recorded. As all results were recorded, they were compared to previously collected data to decide what still needed to be tested to come to a bacterial determination. Results: The following results are summed up in Table 2. The initial NA plate gave two distinct colony morphologies and colors: large fuzz-edged off-white colonies, and small, pink smooth colonies. The gram stain for the off-white colonies returned purple long bacillus bacteria; the gram stain for the pink colonies showed many small pink bacillus. The MSA plate showed a yellow color change with medium sized colonies. The EMB plate inspection gave small smooth pink colonies. The bile esculin slant showed no color change. The blood agar plate also showed no change in color and no clearing zone around the bacterial colonies. Upon placement of hydrogen peroxide on the colonies for the catalase test, bubbles were observed immediately. A yellow butt and red slant was the observed result from the TSI slant. The off-white colony side of the DNAse plate showed no clearing, the other half had pink smooth colonies with a halo clearing zone surrounding the streak. Upon addition of Kovac’s reagent to the indole test, the reagent was a yellow-orange color. The citrate slant resulted in a color change from green to blue of the entire slant. Table 2: Summary of results obtained from both species in Sample 4. TestOff-white Colony ResultsPink Colony Results NA Platelarge, fuzz-edged colonies, off-white colorsmall, smooth colonies, pink color EMB PlateN/Asmall, smooth pink colonies MSA Platesmall colonies, yellowing of agarN/A Bile Esculin Slantno color change, yellowN/A Blood Agar Plateno change, no clearingN/A Indole TubeN/Aorange-yellow reagent drops Citrate TubeN/Ablue color change TSI SlantN/Ayellow butt, red slant Catalase TestN/ABubbles Dnase Plateno clearing zone observedbright pink colonies, obvious clearing zone Discussion: A compilation of all results led to the determination of both species of bacteria present in Sample 4. The purple color, indicating a thick peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall, of the gram stain for the off-white colonies implied the presence of gram positive bacteria. The pink coloration, indicating a thin peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall, of the gram stain for the pink colonies was indicative of gram negative bacteria. Based on the following results and reasoning, the gram negative species in Sample 4 was determined to be Serratia mercescans. First examined in the determination were the TSI slant results. The yellow butt and red slant of the test imply the bacteria fermented only one of the three sugars present in the agar: glucose. This is understood when the concentrations of each sugar is examined; if either lactose or sucrose had been fermented, the entire tube would have changed color, if no sugars were fermented, the tube would have remained the same red as before. The significance of the butt of the tube changing color and not the slant indicated fermentation of only glucose, as there is not enough glucose in the slant to turn the whole tube yellow. These results are supported by research suggesting S. marcescens ferments glucose, but does not ferment either lactose or sucrose (Wilfert et al, 1970). The DNase plate was essential to the identification because of the distinct result; the obvious clearing zone around the bacteria indicated DNase activity, and the pink colonies on the plate were definitive for that test. S. marcescens is proven to test positive for DNase activity 92. 4% of the time, as well as show consistently pink colored colonies (Wilfert et al, 1970). The citrate utilization test was positive because the dye in the tube changed color from green to blue, denoting an alkaline pH change resulting from the breakdown of citrate by the bacteria. The result of the indole production test was negative, because the added Kovac’s reagent was not colored red. S. marcescens has been proven to test positive 100% of the time for citrate utilization, and test negative 99% of the time for indole production (Wilfert et al, 1970). The NA and EMB plates further solidified the identification of the gram negative bacteria as S. marcescens. The species has consistently smooth, pink colonies on nutrient agar, as well as on EMB. The sample was also consistent in testing negative for the fermentation of lactose because it did not result in purple colonies on the EMB plate, the color remained unchanged. Overall, the distinctive compilation of the test and plate results in comparison to known characteristics of all possible bacterial unknowns for the gram negative bacteria allowed for determination as S. marcescens; possibly most notable: the constant pink coloration of the colonies. The gram positive species in Sample 4 was determined to be Bacillus subtilis based upon the observed results and observations, as well as detailed research information describing typical B. subtilis characteristics. A very powerful early indication of B. subtilis came from information attainable from the gram stain, cell morphology. Every cell observed on the slide was bacillus or rod shaped; of the three possible gram positive bacteria (B. subtilis, S. aureus, and S. faecalis) only B. subtilis is morphologically bacillus, the others are coccus. The result of the catalase test was clearly positive, the immediate production of bubbles indicated a bacteria able to break hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. B. subtilis has been shown to test positive for the enzyme catalase; the species is even occasionally used as a model organism in laboratory catalase research (Bol et al, 1991). The response of the bacteria to the esculin hydrolysis test indicates a negative result. No black color change indicated that the esculin in the slant was not broken down, and there were no byproducts to bind to iron and turn the tube black. In an aside to the initial morphology result, the esculin hydrolysis and catalase tests indicate the gram positive unknown is not S. faecalis, a species known to show color change for esculin hydrolysis and negative for the catalase enzyme (Zervos et al, 1987). The blood agar showed no change in the agar, indicating gamma-hemolysis. B. subtilis has not been known to typically lyse blood cells, the model laboratory organism S. aureus has been known to exhibit this characteristic (Fairweather et al, 1983). This final test, in conjunction with the gram stain morphology result, discounts the possibility the unknown species is S. aureus, leaving the final determination of the gram positive unknown in Sample 4 as B. subtilis. In the era of phylogeny, the determination of a bacterial species’ place in the tree of life by way of nucleotide base pair sequencing, taxonomic studies such as this have taken a back seat in true bacterial identification. Phylogeny, however, requires much more time and analysis than the determination of bacteria by testing for certain characteristics; this difference is worth the sacrifice in exact results in situations where an unknown bacteria has caused infection or contamination. Thus, batteries of tests and plates are used commonly in clinical situations where the medical response may need to be immediately determined to help an individual, or prevent an outbreak. Typically, the same strategy of testing by design is used by those in the medical field to launch an investigation into an unknown pathogen or contaminant. The investigator must combine all their knowledge and skill to come to an accurate conclusion, making this type of experiment an essential tool for microbiologists.

How To Get A Scholarship From A Sample Essay

How To Get A Scholarship From A Sample EssayYou can find a great sample essay for a scholarship at places like Kaplan University, Paralegal Academy and the school's website. Some of these examples may be even more impressive than what you can do yourself if you are trying to get a scholarship. It will be important to find a format that will best fit your needs.An essay for a scholarship is usually part of a portfolio of past student loans, financial aid forms, letter of intent letters and transcripts. In some cases, the scholarship money is already there waiting for you. This is often the case if the school or individual has an outstanding amount of outstanding scholarships and financial aid.This gives you a great opportunity to show how you will benefit from getting a scholarship. It shows a history of why you would be a good candidate for getting a scholarship, and why you would use it properly. There are several sample essays that can help you with this. They will give you some in formation about the process and will also give you information about the guidelines that apply to your application.There are several ways to go about getting a scholarship. One of the main reasons that colleges offer these scholarships is to give to people who need financial aid and find it difficult to get it. People who do not have the money to pay for college have a higher chance of going to college, so they should use this opportunity to get money for their education.A sample essay for a scholarship is an easy way to show that you can use your scholarship correctly. This can help you get a scholarship for your special skills and use it to get some real financial aid for school. It can also show other students that you have great potential, and this can help get you noticed by more than one college in your class.The essay is typically short and it is not long. It usually includes information about you, your situation, and why you feel like this scholarship will help you. This is used by many people and it is generally a very good method to use.There are also lots of resources on the internet that will help you write this type of essay. You may even be able to get a sample that was used by someone else in order to make it yours. This will make your application stand out and this can really make a difference.This sample essay can help you get a scholarship. It will show you how to use this opportunity to make sure that you can use it to help you in your college career. It will show you what to include and what to leave out of your essay and make sure that you are as honest as possible.

Definition and Discussions of Writer-Based Prose

Definition and Discussions of Writer-Based Prose Writer-based prose is a kind of private or personal writing: a text that is composed for oneself. Contrast with reader-based prose. The concept of writer-based prose is part of a controversial social-cognitive theory of writing that was introduced by professor of rhetoric Linda Flower in the late 1970s and early 1980s. In Writer-Based Prose: A Cognitive Basis for Problems in Writing (1979), Flower defined the concept as verbal expression written by a writer to himself and for himself. It is the working of his own verbal thought. In its structure, writer-based prose reflects the associative, narrative path of the writers own confrontation with her subject. See the observations below. Also see: Expressive DiscourseBasic WritingComposition StudiesDiaryJournalTwelve Reasons to Keep a Writers DiaryYour Writing: Private and Public Observations Beginning writers often find it difficult to distinguish between public and private writing, or what Linda Flower calls writer based and reader based prose. That is, writer-based prose is a verbal expression. written by, to, and for the writer, that reflects the associative action of the mind when verbally relating a topic. Such prose is typified by many references to the self, is loaded with code words (those known only to the writer), and is usually in a linear format. Reader-based prose, on the other hand, deliberately attempts to address an audience other than the self. It defines coded terms, refers less to the writer, and is structured around the topic. In its language and structure, reader-based prose reflects the purpose of the writers thought, rather than its process as in writer-based prose.(Virginia Skinner-Linnenberg, Dramatizing Writing: Reincorporating Delivery in the Classroom. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997)Writer-based prose (as it is usually defined) appears in all skilled writers journal entries, in the notes good writers make prior to composing an essay, and in early drafts of writing that in final form will be reader based. Everyone uses the strategies of writer-based prose, says Flower, and good writers go step further to transform the writing these strategies produce.(Cherryl Armstrong, Reader-Based and Writer-Based Perspectives in Composition Instruction. Rhetoric Review, Fall 1986) Knowledge-driven planning . . . accounts for writer-based prose with its narrative or descriptive structure and focus on the writer thinking out loud to herself. For difficult tasks, knowledge-driven planning and a writer-based first draft may be a first step toward a reader-based text revised in the afterlight of a more rhetorical plan.(Linda Flower, The Construction of Negotiated Meaning: A Social Cognitive Theory of Writing. Southern Illinois University Press, 1994)To celebrate writer-based prose is to risk the charge of romanticism: just warbling ones woodnotes wild. But my position also contains the austere classic view that we must nevertheless revise with conscious awareness of audience in order to figure out which pieces of writer-based prose are good as they areand how to discard or revise the rest.To point out that writer-based prose can be better for readers than reader-based prose is to reveal problems in these two terms. Does writer-based mean:That the text doesnt work f or readers because it is too much oriented to the writers point of view?Or that the writer was not thinking about readers as she wrotealthough the text may work for readers?(Peter Elbow, Everyone Can Write: Essays Toward a Hopeful Theory of Writing and Teaching. Oxford University Press, 2000)